How to Discipline Toddlers

When and how should you begin to discipline toddlers?

Kids begin knowing what “no” means at around seven months on average, and, once they can speak, many go through a stage where it becomes their favorite word to use. Unfortunately, parents can also count on kids going through a stage where they gleefully ignore when mom or dad says no, and other attempts and discipline. That’s because it is natural for them to start pushing boundaries — testing their independence and trying to explore the world on their own terms.

A big part of discipline in the early years is simply keeping kids safe. We don’t touch the oven. We don’t pull on the cat’s tail. We don’t run into the street. But by setting consistent limits early, parents are also laying the groundwork for good behavior in the future.

Setting limits has other benefits, too. Telling children which behaviors you do — and don’t — want to see actually makes kids feel more secure, because it reminds them that you’re in charge and guides them to the areas where they should be developing their skills and independence (such as playing with the plastic tea set and not trying to touch the real one.)

Rules are also a way to help kids begin to consider the perspective of others, or at least set the stage for empathy. Two-year-olds might be too egocentric to comprehend how others feel, but they can begin to learn that sharing is a nice thing to do and practice handing grandma a toy.

But how should parents share rules with children, and how can those rules be enforced — particularly when children are very young and might not understand the concept of consequences?

Kristin Carothers, PhD, a clinical psychologist, says that parents are probably already setting limits without realizing it. “One of the most naturalistic ways to create boundaries is around having set routines for your kids,” says Dr. Carothers. “They might not know what time it is, but they know the bedtime routine — we have our bath, we read our book, we go sleep in our own bed.” By creating a familiar routine, parents are teaching children what to expect next, so there are no unpleasant surprises, while also establishing a clear boundary about when the bedtime begins.

Of course, much of life isn’t planned for, so parents need strategies for how to correct behavior and reinforce boundaries in the moment. “If there’s a rule you want followed, like not hitting, then that is something you have to correct in the moment when you see it,” says Dr. Carothers. But how you correct it matters.

Parents often say, “Don’t do that” or “No,” but Dr. Carothers says that it is actually more helpful to tell children what you do want them to do, instead. “Kids know what ‘no’ means, but they don’t necessarily know what to do next after we say no, so you always want to make sure that you have an alternative for them,” she explains. Saying, “Keep your hands to yourself” or “Use gentle hands” makes that clear.

For children around three years old, parents might have the child do a time out for something like aggressive behavior. Dr. Carothers explains time out as being “time out from your positive attention.” So you might say, “We keep our hands to ourselves. You hit your brother, so now you have to sit in this chair.” For kids who are young, time out shouldn’t be longer than three minutes. Then, after the time out is finished, you can tell the child what he should do next: “You can ask your brother for the toy” or “You can touch your brother gently.”

Parents can also start setting natural consequences for a child’s misbehavior. For example, if a child jumps on the couch, a natural consequence could be having her practice sitting calmly on the couch. If she writes on the wall, then you could have her wash the wall. Of course she might not actually get the wall clean, but just the act of trying to wash the wall reinforces your rules.

For some situations, relying on your ability to respond in the moment might not be enough. For example, toddlers will run into the street if they see something interesting and not realize the potential danger. “We can’t expect a toddler to set that limit for himself,” explains Dr. Carothers, “so you as a parent need to do the intervention on the opposite side.”

For walking on the sidewalk, that means you need to hold your toddler’s hand at all times to keep him safe. Dr. Carothers also encourages parents to say something like, “Good job holding mommy’s hand! Thank you for staying close to me,” which lets your child know that these are the types of behaviors that you like to see.

Consider what your child is developmentally able to do, and what she isn’t. Just as walking safely outside might be unrealistic, so might expecting her to be well behaved during a boring (for her) social function. “As parents we have to manage our expectations,” says Dr. Carothers.

For example, toddlers are very egocentric, so it is developmentally appropriate for them to be more concerned about getting their own needs met than sitting quietly at dinner. There are ways to promote good behavior — give her lots of praise for sitting in her seat, have things for her to do while she’s sitting, take breaks — but now probably isn’t the time to take her to a place where perfect manners are expected.

This is also the age when kids start having tantrums. There are a few reasons for this. Young children are still learning how to communicate, and their language abilities aren’t very sophisticated yet. “A child might act aggressively in the absence of developed language to communicate feelings like frustration, anger or embarrassment,” explains Dr. Carothers.

But a child might also throw a tantrum because he has noticed that when he acts very upset people tend to respond and, more often than not, he gets what he wants. That’s why it’s important to ignore tantrums — even when they’re embarrassing. Giving in to a child’s tantrum inadvertently reinforces the behavior that he used to get what he wanted, and that is not something that you want to encourage. Instead, parents should wait for their child to calm down and then immediately praise him for being calm.

Dr. Carothers gives an example. “Say you’re leaving the grocery store and your child starts throwing a tantrum in the parking lot because he wants Goldfish. You can say, ‘Thank you for telling me you want Goldfish; I like Goldfish too. Next time we go to the store we can get some Goldfish.’ ” If your child doesn’t stop tantruming, Dr. Carothers recommends to let it play out and don’t give in, even if you’re tempted. Besides not wanting to reinforce tantrums as an effective negotiating tactic, Dr. Carothers points out: “It’s good for us to teach kids that there are times when we’ll get what we want and times when we won’t get what we want. That’s a natural part of life.”

Children this age may also act out because they want to feel more control. And it is developmentally appropriate for toddlers to start making more decisions and being more independent — within reason. Dr. Carothers agrees that kids should start making more decisions as they get older, but cautions that they should be limited to making “the developmentally appropriate decisions that a toddler should be making.” In other words, your two-year-old can pick which game she wants to play, or which show she’d like to watch, but she shouldn’t be deciding how long she gets to watch television or whether or not she has to take a bath afterwards. Those are adult decisions.